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A Multilingual Linguistic Analysis of Human vs LLM-Generated News in a Disinformation Context

The rise of Large Language Models has shifted the Information Disorder landscape toward automated threats. This study investigates the linguistic construction of synthetic news by comparing GPT-5, Gemini 2.5, and Grok 4 across English, Spanish, and Bulgarian. Using multilingual human-authored verified news and disinformation as seeds, we analyze how prompt informativeness and model architecture influence deceptive content production. Our methodology employs five metrics: semantic similarity, factual consistency, readability, lexical richness, and persuasion technique frequency. Our analysis reveals that while prompt scarcity leads to informational loss, LLMs maintain a homogenized stylistic template regardless of input length. Unlike human authors, who intensify rhetorical and emotional markers to drive deceptive intent, LLMs adhere to a neutral register. This study identifies distinct statistical patterns in generated content characterized by hyper-standardized readability and high lexical density (p < 0.001). These features serve as robust “LLM signatures”, enabling a classification accuracy of 96% across English, Spanish, and Bulgarian. These findings suggest that generated disinformation relies on invariant syntactic structures rather than nuanced human rhetoric, providing a framework for detection tools centered on structural patterns rather than content veracity.