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Evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition for Holocaust Testimonies: A Large-Scale Analysis of Whisper Performance on the Fortunoff Video Archive

Holocaust testimonies are key primary sources documenting survivors’ experiences, yet many remain inaccessible due to the labor-intensive nature of manual transcription. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of OpenAI’s Whisper automatic speech recognition (ASR) system on 1,847 testimonies from the Fortunoff Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies at Yale University. We assess transcription quality across multiple languages including English, French, German, Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Slovak, and American Sign Language (with English voice-over), using human-reviewed captions as ground truth. Our analysis reveals a mean Word Error Rate (WER) of 15.28%, with 90.9% of testimonies achieving "Fair" or better quality (WER ≤25%). We identify systematic error patterns including challenges with disfluencies, interrupted speech, and language-specific orthographic conventions, particularly in Ladino, where Whisper’s normalization to modern Spanish orthography creates systematic divergences from traditional Judeo-Spanish spelling. For Hebrew and Yiddish, we evaluate specialized models from ivrit-ai and find promising results for heritage language preservation. Our findings demonstrate that current ASR technology can substantially accelerate Holocaust testimony transcription while highlighting the need for domain-specific fine-tuning and post-processing for optimal results.