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FRASE: Frame-based Structured Representations for Generalizable SPARQL Query Generation

Translating natural language questions into SPARQL queries enables Knowledge Base querying for factual and up-to-date responses. However, existing datasets for this task are predominantly template-based, leading models to learn superficial mappings between question and query templates rather than developing true generalization capabilities. As a result, models struggle when encountering naturally phrased, template-free questions. This paper introduces FRASE (FRAme-based Semantic Enhancement), a novel approach that leverages Frame Semantic Role Labeling (FSRL) to overcome this limitation. In addition, we present LCQ1-Frame, LCQ2-Frame, and QALD-10-Frame—a suite of new datasets derived from LC-QuAD 1.0, LC-QuAD 2.0, and QALD-10 where each question is enriched using FRASE through frame detection and the mapping of frame-elements to their corresponding arguments. We evaluate our approach for the Question-2-SPARQL task through extensive experiments using recent large language models (LLMs) under different fine-tuning configurations. Our results demonstrate that integrating frame-based structured representations consistently improves SPARQL generation performance, particularly in challenging generalization scenarios when test questions feature unseen templates (unknown template splits) and when they are all naturally phrased (reformulated questions).